Ch 4 - Carbohydrates

carbohydrates are made of these elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

formula for carbohydrates

C 6 - H 12 - O 6

carbohydrates are made by _____
(except milk)

photosynthesis

2 main types of carbohydrates

simple and complex

2 types of simple carbohydrates

monosaccharides and disaccharides

2 types of complex carbohydrates

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

3 types of polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, fiber

monosaccharides

single sugar molecules, end in -ose ("sugar");
ex: glucose, fructose, & galactose

glucose

blood sugar

fructose

fruit sugar

galactose

milk sugar

disaccharides

double sugars, all contain glucose;
ex: lactose, maltose, sucrose

lactose

glucose + galactose
inability to process is called "lactose intolerance"

maltose

glucose + glucose
"malt sugar"
from the breakdown of starch

sucrose

glucose + fructose
table sugar

sucrose

glucose + fructose
table sugar

oligosaccharides

3-20 units long, not digestible

polysaccharides

composed of long strands of glucose units
"complex carbohydrates"

starch

for plants:
storage form of glucose,
important energy source

glycogen

storage form of glucose in animals,
stored in our liver and muscles,
energy source!

fiber

indigestible form in plants,
aids in digestion and elimination

2 types of fiber

insoluble in H20 (cellulose, lignin)
soluble in H20 (pectin, gums, mucilage, psyllium)

fiber may help prevent:

constipation, hemorrhoids
appendicitis, diverticular disease, colon cancer
may lower cholesterol & help diabetic patients

carbohydrate metabolism

provides cell energy, complex CHO preferred

glycemic response

****

insulin

lets glucose into cells,
promotes formation of glycogen stores in liver & muscles

glycogenolysis

when glucagon causes the liver to break down glycogen into glucose

gluconeogenesis

the conversion of protein to glucose

needed in order to use fat for energy

CO2 and O2

glucose in cells is used to ____

make energy (ATP)

Type I Diabetes

"juvenile onset"
Insulin Dependent, no glucose enters the cell

Type II Diabetes

"adult onset"
Non-Insulin Dependent, glucose enters cell slowly

postprandial hypoglycemia

after a meal;
fatigue, weakness, dizziness, irritability, rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, headaches

fasting hypoglycemia

ex: overnight
headache, mental dullness, fatigue, confusion, amnesia

protein sparing

consuming a minimum amount of carbs so that protein isn't converted to glucose