phys_TEMP & HEAT

Kinetic molecular theory

states that the molecules of a material are always in motion, which gives them energy.

internal energy (or thermal energy)

energy stored from internal motion of molecules

temperature

measure of the average internal kinetic energy

absolute zero

can't actually be achieved: 0 K
particles aren't moving

Heat

flow of internal energy btwn substances

Conduction

heat transfer: through direct CONTACT

Convection

heat transfer: through fluid flow

hot fluids rise while cool fluids sink (due to differences in densities).

Radiation

heat transfer: through electromagnetic waves

Thermal equilibrium

objects have reached same temperature

zeroth law of thermodynamics

If A = B, and B = C, A = C

(for temperature)

Specific heat

energy to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C (or 1 K).

Calorimetry

process used to determine the specific heat of different materials

melting point

point of changing from solid to liquid

vaporization point (or boiling point)

point of changing from liquid to gas

latent heat

amount of energy needed to change the phase of a substance

heat of fusion

amount of energy needed to melt or freeze 1 kg of a substance

heat of vaporization

amount of energy needed to boil or condense 1 kg of a substance

evaporation.

change from liquid to gas due to pressure differences

Charles' Law

V directly proportional to Kelvin T

***when P is constant

Gay-Lussac's Law

Pressure directly proportional to Kelvin T

***when V constant

equation of state

ideal gas law

vapor

gas below the critical temperature

gas

gas above the critical temperature

critical temperature

temperature above which the gas cannot become a liquid

critical point

liquid and gas coexist

sublimation

solid --> gas

deposition

vapor to solid

mole

amount of a substance with a mass in grams equal to its molecular mass

triple point

all three phases of gas are in equilibrium