A+P Ch. 1

Gross Anatomy

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.

Regional Anatomy

All structures in a particular region of the body-ex: studying all the nerves, blood vessels and bones in the abdomen.

Systemic Anatomy

Body structure is studied system by system.

Cytology

Study of cells

Histology

Study of tissues

Embryology

Subdivision of developmental anatomy-concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

Renal Physiology

Concerns kidney function

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

Individually, anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure.

Levels of Structural Organization

1-Chemical
2-Cellular
3-Tissue
4-Organ
5-Organ system
6-Organismal

1. Chemical Level of Structural Organization

Atoms combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.

2. Cellular Level of Structural Organization

Molecules have formed organelles (basic components of the microscopic cell).
Cells are the smallest units of living things.

3. Tissue Level of Structural Organization

Groups of similar cells that have a common function.

4. Organ Level of Structural Organization

Structure composed of at least TWO types of tissues. Performs a specific function in the body

5. Organ System Level of Structural Organization

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.

6. Organismal Level of Structural Organization.

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life.

Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintaining Boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness (Irritability)
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

1. Maintaining Boundaries

Keeps internal environment distinct from outside
ex: cell membrane or our skin

2. Movement

On cellular level: Contractility

3. Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them.

4. Digestion

Breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

5. Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
Includes: Catabolism (the breaking down of substances into their simpler building blocks) and Anabolism (synthesizing more complex structures from simpler substances)

ATP

Energy rich molecules that power cellular activities.

6. Excretion

Process of removing wastes from the body

7. Reproduction

Creation of new life. Can occur at the cellular or organismal level.

8. Growth

Increase in size of a body part or the organism.

Survival Needs

1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal Body Temp
5. Atmospheric Pressure

What happens chemically, and to the organismal when body temperature drops or speeds up

When the temperature is too high, chemical reactions continue to speed up more and more. Body proteins lose their shape, and stop functioning. Death will occur.
When normal body temperature drops, chemical reactions slow down until metabolism is stopped. Death occurs here too.

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

Three interdependent components of the homeostatic control mechanism

1. the Variable-the event being regulated
2. the receptor-the sensor the monitors the environment and responds to change.
3. The Control Center-determines the set point

Negative Feedback

*Most common homeostatic control mechanism
*Brings body back into balance on a regular basis

Positive Feedback

*Happens in time of crisis
*Examples include: time of birth, panic attacks, etc

Anatomical Position

Anatomical reference point for standard body position:
Standing straight up with head and eyes forward, and hands at sides with palms forward.

Directional Terms

Terms used to explain where parts of the body are in relation to one another

Axial part

parts that make up the main axix of the body-includes head, neack and trunk.

Appendicular part

parts that consist of the appendages (limbs) that are attached to the body's axis.

Regional Terms

used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions.

Nasal

nose

Oral

Mouth

Cervical

Neck

Acromial

Point of Shoulder

Axilary

Armpit

Abdominal

Abdomen

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Antebrachial

Front of arm

Pelvic

Pelvis

Carpal

Wrist

Pollex

Thumb

Palmar

Palm

Digital

Fingers/toes

Pubic

Genital Region

Patellar

Anterior Knee

Crural

Leg

Pedal

Foot

Tarsal

Ankle

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Eye

Buccal

Cheek

Mental

Chin

Sternal

Breastbone

Thoracic

Chest

Mammary

Breast

Umbilical

naval

Coxal

Hip

Inguinal

Groin

Femoral

Thigh

Fibular

Side of Leg

Hallux

Great Toe

Cephalic

Head

Occipital

Base of Skull

Vertebral

Spinal Column

Manus

hand

Scapular

Shoulder Blade

Brachial

Arm

Dorsum, Dorsal

Back

Olecranal

Back of Elbow

Lumbar

Loin

Sacral

Between Hips

Gluteal

Buttock

Perineal

Region between the anus and external genitalia

Sural

Calf

Popliteal

Back of Knee

Calaneal

Heel

Plantar

Sole

Sagittal

Vertical plane that cuts body into right and left parts.

Frontal planes

Vertical plane that cuts body into front and back parts (anterior and posterior)

Transverse Planes

Horizontal plane that cuts body into top and bottom parts (superior and inferior)

Body Cavities

1. Dorsal:
a) Cranial-brain
b) Vertebral-spinal cord
2. Ventral: houses the internal organs collectively known as "viscera"
a) Thoracic-
1-Pleural-lungs
2-Mediastinum-thymus, esophagus, trachea, heart.
3-paracardial-heart
b) Abdominopelvic
1-Abdominal-stomach, liver, spleen, sm. and lg intestines
2. pelvic-reproductive organs, bladder
3. retroperitineal

Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity

The walls of the ventral cavity are lined by a double-layered membrane called the serosa.
The part that lines the organ is called: Visceral
The part that lines the wall of the cavity is called Parietal