CHAPTER 8 "TODDLER SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT"

SOCIALIZATION

Process by which
- children acquire rules, standards, and values of a culture

APPROPRIATION

process by which
- children naturally take on rules and values
- of their culture
- through participation
- in relationships with caregivers

SUBLIMATION

Freud's term for redirection
- of blocked biological drives
- and impulses

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN TODDLER PERIOD

- increased independence from parents & / increased self reliance
- increased awareness of self and/ other people
- increased sociability &/ more mature forms of social interaction
- beginnings of self control
- broader range of emotional responses

EXECUTIVE COMPETENCE

childs feeling
- that he or she is an autonomous force
- in the world
- with the ability to
- influence the outcome of events

SOCIAL REFERENCING

use of cues from
- another person
- to interpret situations and
- guide behavior

AFFECTIVE SHARING

toddler sharing
- positive emotions with caregiver

INTERNALIZATION

incorporating parents standards of behavior
- into self

COMMITTED COMPLIANCE

children's enthusiastic
- compliance with parents
- directives

DEVIATION ANXIETY

distress toddlers experience
- over doing something forbidden

SHAME

emotion in which self
- feels exposed
- vulnerable / and bad

POSITIVE SELF EVALUATION

An emotion in toddlers
- that is the forerunner of pride

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS

Emotions that require some
- objective sense of self
- and / some understanding
- of standards for behavior

PATTERNS OF ADAPTION

Individual styles of responding
- to others /and to the
- environment
- that form the roots of personality

SEPARATION - INDIVIDUATION PROCESS

Mahler's term for
- the child's psychological separation from the /
- the caregiver / and
- growing awareness
- of being an individual

SITUATIONAL COMPLIANCE

Children 's unwilling compliance
- with parents directives
- due to fear (or) parents
- control of the situation

PHYSICAL NEGLECT

Failure to meet
- child's basic needs for food
- warmth
- cleanliness
- and / medical attention

PHYSICAL ABUSE

Deliberately causing a child physical injury

EMOTIONAL UNAVAILABILITY

chronic lack of parental involvement
- and emotional responsiveness

SEARCHING FOR CAUSES OF MALTREATMENT

- maltreatment is associated with parents who are poor
- young
- lacking education
- unprepared for raising a child
- most want to do well by their children but are unable to
- problem crosses all ehnic/ social class / and religious lines

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ABUSE CHILD

- SOME researchers propose:
- abused children have inherent characteristics
- prematurity
- physical defects
- infant irritability
- fussiness
* SOMETIMES CONSEQUENCES OF ABUSE CAN BE CONFUSED WITH CAUSES.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ABUSING PARENT

- mental disturbance in parent
- vast majority of abusing parents suffer no psychotic disorder
- no single personality trait (such as extreme hostility) that abusive parents share
- a BROAD SET of adult characteristics is associated with child maltreatment
- low self esteem
- poor impulse control
- doubts about personal power
- negative emotions
- anti-social behavior
- adults thoughts /and feelings about their child and child rearing
- mothers and fathers previously abused
- 30 percent of those with abusive histories abused their child at some point in rearing
- 30 percent of mohers who were abused - in same study/ also provided fully adequate care

3 KEY FACTORS - FOUND IN WOMEN WHO OVERCAME THEIR HISTORY OF ABUSE

- 1) Many of them had compensated for the abuse by forming a stable - supportive relationship with some other adult during childhood

2) Many of them hd undergone extensive psychotherapy

3) all of them were currently involved in a stable partnership

* a troubled past need not impair current parenting ability if a person has a chance to experience positive relationships and adequate social support

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