chapter 7 - TODDLER LANGUAGE & THINKING

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION

use of ideas / images (or) other symbols
- to stand for objects (or) events

LANGUAGE

an abstract
- rule governed
- system of arbitrary symbols that
- can be combined
in countless ways
- to communicate information

PHONOLOGY

system of sounds
- used in a language
- the rules for combining those sounds
- to make words
- and use of stress and
- intonation
- in spoken sentences

PHONEMES

- speech sounds that contast with one another
- in a particular language
- and canchange the meaning of a word

SEMANTICS

meanings of words and sentences

MORPHOLOGY

system of rules
- for combining morphemes
- to form words (or) to modify word meanings

MORPHEMES

smallest meaningful units
- in a language

SYNTAX

rules
- for organizing words
- into phrases and sentences

PRAGMATICS

rules governing
- conversation & social use of language

PRODUCTIVE SKILLS

language skills used to put ideas into words

RECEPTIVE SKILLS

language skills used to understand
- what other people say

PRE- LINGUISTIC VOCALIZATION

sounds produced by infants
- during 1st year of life
- before they begin to speak

CRYING

reflexive vocalization
- occurs automatically
- whenever an infant is overly aroused

COOING

Pre- linguistic vocalizations
- consists largely of vowel sounds
- and express pleasure and contentment

VOCAL PLAY

pre- linguistic vocalizations
- that vary greatly in pitch
- and loudness
- including occasional simple syllables

CANONICAL BABBLING

begins at 6 months
- prelinguistic vocalizations
consisting of
- strings of syllables
- that sound increasingly like speech

CONVERSATIONAL BABBLING (OR) JARGON

Pre-Linguistic vocalizations in which
- infants use adult like stress / and intonation

PROTOWORDS

Vocalizations that seem to have
- consistent meanings for a child
- and are used in attempts
- to communicate
- but do not closely resemble
- adult words in
- sound (or) meaning

REFERENTIAL STYLE

a style of early word use in
- which words
- primarily refer to objects/ & / events

EXPRESSIVE STYLE

- style of early word use in which
- words primarily express social routines

VOCABULARY SPURT

sudden increase
- in word acquisition at about 18 months of age

Referential children initially acquire ......

words faster BUT NO
- difference in how .....
- grammatical speech is

DURING PRESCHOOL YEARS CHILDREN LEARN AN AVERAGE OF HOW MANY WORDS?

average learned is 5.5 new wors per day

3 1/2 YEAR OLD - average words speaking 1,222

6 YEAR OLD - 2,526

*recent work / research / yields increased estimates of vocabulary for both ages

RECEPTIVE VOCABULARY

- words they understand
- even if unused
- larger than PRODUCTIVE VOCABULARY
- ages 1 to 6 rapid increase in RECEPTIVE VOCABULARY

end of 1st grade
___________________
10,000.00 words

END OF 5TH GRADE
_____________________
40,000.00 words

SEGMENTATION ERRORS

mistakes in detecting boundaries

- between words in a sentence

FAST MAPPING

process in which
- young child uses context cues
- to make a quick and reasonably accurate guess
- about meaning of an unfamiliar word

JOINT ATTENTION

tendency for language - learning children
- and their adult conversation
- partners to share a focus of attention

WHOLE OBJECT ASSUMPTION

children's tendency to assume that
- unfamiliar words are names
- for objects
- rather than for attributes