endocrine system

The endocrine system control the body through the use of __________

hormones

hormones are made by _________and secreted into __________

glands, the bloodstream

hormones have 2 classes:

peptide hormones and steroid hormones

What are peptide hormones?

they are proteins that cannot cross cell membranes and they bind to receptors outside the cell. They cause rapid effects by turning existing enzymes on and off. (eg. insulin, prolactin)

What are steroid hormones?

they are made from cholesterol and can cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside the cell. They are slower and cause their effects by biding to DNA and changing which genes get transcribed. (eg. estrogen, testosterone)

organs that are affected by a particular hormone are _____

target organs

what is the master endocrine organ?

the pituitary gland

the pituitary gland has two lobes:

the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe

What are the six hormones that the pituitary gland makes and secretes?

growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin

Which hormone targets all tissues and organs and cause them to grow? It stimulates cell-turnover rate and is especially important in childhood and adolescence.

growth hormone (GH)

Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones?

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which hormone stimulates the gonads (reproductive organs) and cause the ovaries to mature and release estrogen and the testes to make sperm?

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which hormone stimulates the ovaries to develop a corpus luteum and testes to make testosterone?

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which hormone is released after childbirth to stimulate the mammary glands to make breastmilk?

prolactin

The pituitary gland is controlled by which part of the brain?

hypothalamus

For every hormone released by the anterior pituitary there is a ____________ from the hypothalamus

corresponding releasing hormone

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored and secreted by?

posterior pituitary gland

Which hormone causes the uterus to contract during childbirth and the release of milk?

oxytocin

Which hormone is also known as vasopressin and causes the kidneys to retain water?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Where are oxytocin and ADH made?

in the hypothalamus, they are transported to the posterior pituitary and stored there

The thyroid gland secretes __________and________

thyroxine (thyroid hormone), and calcitonin

Which hormone increases the rate of metabolism for cells in the body?

thyroxine

What is hypothyroidism?

low metabolism, gain weight, sluggishness, low level of iodine

What happens when you have an overproduction of thyroxine?

you get hyperthyroidism

What does calcitonin do?

It activates cells in bone that remove calcium from the blood and use it to build new bone

There are ___parathyroid glands located on the ___________

4, back of the thyroid gland

What is parathormone? Does it increase or decrease calcium level in the blood?

parathyroid hormone that activates cells in bone that dissolve the bone to release calcium into the blood. increase

the adrenal glands have 2 parts:

adrenal medulla (inner) and adrenal cortex (outer)

adrenal medulla secretes________and_______

epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenaline is also known as

epinephrine

What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

to increase the prolong the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

steroids

What are the 3 main classes of steroids?

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids

Which steroid causes gluconeogenesis and targets other body cells to use fats for fuel instead of glucose and increases blood glucose levels and metabolism?

glucocorticoids

What is the primary mineralocorticoid and what is its function?

aldosterone, causes kidney to retaind sodium and water and increase blood volume and pressure

Why are the sex steroids not important?

the primary source of sex hormones are the gonads rather than the adrenal cortex

What does the pancreas do?

secretes insulin and glucagon and digestive enzymes

What does insulin do? How does it affect blood glucose levels?

takes glucose out of the blood for use in cellular respiration, stimulates liver to store glucose as glycogen. lowers it

What does glucagon do?

targets liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release into the blood (glycogenolysis). it raises blood glucose level

What is the primary glucocorticoid?

cortisol

cortisol stimulates ________while glucagon stimulates_________

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

male sex steroids

androgen

What is responsible for developing male secondary sex characteristics during puberty and for normal sperm production

testosterone

What are the female sex steroids?

estrogen and progesterone

the most common form of estrogen

estradiol

________stimulates the growth of the uterine lining in the first half of the menstrual cycle while ________maintains the lining in the second half of the cycle

estrogen, progesterone