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Science |
all the human efforts put forth to achieve a systematic understanding of the physical universe through disciplined inquiry |
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Chemistry |
the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes they undergo |
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Chemical |
any substance that has a definite composition |
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Organic Chemistry |
study of most carbon-containing compounds |
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Inorganic Chemistry |
study of all substances containing elements other than carbon (anything not classified as organic) |
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Physical Chemistry |
study of properties transformations and relationships between energy & matter |
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Biochemistry |
study of all substances and processes that occur in living things |
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Analytical Chemistry |
the identification of substances and the qualitative & quantitative determination of the composition of materials |
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Theoretical Chemistry |
the use of mathematics & computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design & predict the properties of new compounds |
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Basic Research |
carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge |
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Applied Research |
carried out to solve a problem |
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Technological Development |
carried out to make products that will improve the quality of our lives |
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Goal of Scientific Investigation |
to explain & predict natural phenomena |
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Scientific Method |
a logical approach to the solution of problems that lend themselves to investigations by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, and testing and formulating theories that are supported by data |
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Observing |
using your senses to get information |
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Data |
all the information gathered |
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Experiment |
carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make the observations and collect data |
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System |
a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation |
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Generalizations |
statements that apply to a range of information |
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Model |
can be a physical object or is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related |
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Theory |
a broad generalization that explains a body of known facts or phenomena |
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Law |
a generalization known over the world that describes a wide variety of behaviors in nature |
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Law |
can be expressed by mathematical equations or concise statements |
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Matter |
anything that has mass and occupies space |
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Mass |
a measure of the quantity of something; the measure of the amount of matter |
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Weight |
a measure of the earth's gravitational attraction for something |
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Inertia |
the resistance to change in motion |
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Inertia |
is directly proportional to the amount of matter that has to be moved |
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Law of Conservation of Mass |
matter cannot be either created or destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical changes |
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Energy |
the ability to cause change or ability to do work |
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Kinetic Energy |
the energy of an object in motion |
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Potential Energy |
the energy that an object has because of its position or composition (stored energy) |
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Law of Conservation of Energy |
energy can be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical changes |
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Solids |
definite shape and volume |
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Liquids |
definite volume & has ability to flow to take the shape of the container (indefinite shape) |
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Gases |
NO definite shape or volume |
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Plasma |
a high temperature physical state where atoms lose their electrons; so its a gaseous system of positively charged particles & negatively charged electrons |
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Property |
characteristics that enables us to distinguish one kind of matter from another |
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Extensive property |
depends on the amount of matter present |
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Intensive property |
does not depend on the amount of matter |
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Physical Property |
can be observed or measured without altering the identity of the material |
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Physical Change |
any change in a property of matter that does not result in a change in identity |
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Chemical Property |
refers to the ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its identity |
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Chemical Change (Reaction) |
any change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances with different characteristic properties |
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Reactant |
substance(s) that undergo a chemical change |
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Product |
new substance(s) produced by a chemical reaction |
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Exothermic Rxn |
a process releasing heat |
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Endothermic Rxn |
a process absorbing heat |
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Mixtures |
a combination of two or more kinds of matter each of which retains its own composition and properties |
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Heterogeneous mixture |
the composition (and so properties) are not uniform - it differs from point to point in the mixture |
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Homogeneous mixture (solution) |
the composition (and so properties) are uniform throughout |
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Pure Substance |
a homogeneous sample of matter that has a fixed composition and properties |
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Element |
a pure substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical changes and is only made up of one kind of atom |
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Atom |
the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element |
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Compound |
a pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more simpler substances by a chemical change |
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Law of Definite Composition |
a chemical compound contains the same element in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound |
