module 3

Evolutionary psychologists

study how natural selection has shaped our universal behavior tendencies

heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes of a trait

Down’s syndrome

extra chromosome on pair 21

Turner’s syndrome

only one chromosome for gender

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Three chromosomes for gender:

memes

self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person

Secure attachment

the infant explores the new situation while parent is present, gets upset when the parent leaves, and readily comes to the parent when he/she returns.

Avoidant attachment

the infant resists being held at all by the parent in a new situation and explores willingly. They do NOT go to the parent when he/she returns from being absent.

Ambivalent/resistant attachment

a sort of ‘unpredictable’ attachment. The infant may show extreme upset when parent leaves, but might not even return to the parent when he/she returns.

Authoritarian

these parents set strict rules and expect absolute compliance. There is little justification for (or discussion of) the rules, and punishment to discourage “bad behavior” is used much more frequently than reward to encourage “good behavior

Permissive

these parents do not have clear rules/expectations and generally do not have clear ‘consequences.’ Children, as a result, are more free to ‘do as they please.’

Authoritative

although it sounds like (and can be confused with) authoritarian, this one is like a ‘good mix’ of the other two styles. Rules are clear and are reasonable; discussion about rules and consequences is encouraged. Both reward and punishment are consistently and frequently used to shape the behavior of the children.

Piaget

cognitive mental stage theory

Erikson

social development stage theory

Kohlburg

Moral stage theory

assimilate

This is how we take in new information and incorporate it into what we already know

schemas

mental construct or a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

accommodate

this is how we ‘make room’ for new information in our schema

Sensorimotor

birth to 2 yrs.
experiencing the world through senses.

preoperational

2 to 6 years
representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning.

concrete operational

7 to 11 yrs. thinking logically
grasping concrete anologies; starting with mathematical operations.

formal operational

12-aduthood
abstract reasoning

preconventional stage

we make moral decisions based on the consequences

conventional stage

we make moral decisions based on what others expect from us.

post-conventional stage

we make moral decisions based on what we perceive as “right.”

infancy (to one year)

trust vs. mistrust.

toddler hood (1-2yrs)

Autonomy vs. shame doubt

Preschooler(3-6)

initiative vs. guilt

elementry school (6-puberty)

competence vs. inferiority

Adolescence(teen-20s)

identity vs. role confusion

young adult(20-40s)

intimacy vs. isolation

middle adulthood (40-60)

generativity vs. stagnation

late adulthood (60s and up)

integrity vs. despair.

molecular geneticists

deal with the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. They don't look at heritability levels; they look for specific genes that influence behavior.

Mutations

random errors in gene replication

DNA

Chromosomes are made of

norms

accepted behavior according to cultures

development

process of growth, change, consistency brought about by an interaction of heredity and environment

maturation

rapid physical cognitive development that occurs after birth

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during an early part of their life.

visual capture

vision taking over and becoming the dominant sense

Mary Ainsworth

person who studied attachment

stage theories

the idea that human development occurs in discontinuous measurable stages

conservation

the principle that quantity remains that same despite changes in shape.

egocentrism

they cannot perceive things from another's point of view

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple.

mimicry

young children mimc adults

biological influence

men and women are anatomically different with different hormones