Geology

#1
Elements

are the basic building blocks of all elements
there are over 100 known

#2
Atoms

are the smallest particles of matter
have all the characteristics of an element

#3
Electrons

have a negative charge
exist in levels around the nucleus, the electron cloud

#4
Protons

have a positive charge
exist in the nucleus
# of protons = # of electrons

#5
Neutrons

have a neutral charge
exist in the nuclues

#6
Atomic Number

is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

#7
Mass Number

is the number of protons + electrons in the nucleus of an atom

#8
Isotopes

are atoms of the same element with differing numbers, which can change the mass number
many are radioactive & emit energy

#9
Compound

is made of 2 or more elements chemically joined

#10
Ion

is an atom that gains or loses electrons

#11
Ionic Bond

form between positive & negative ions

#12
Covalent Bonds

when atoms share electrons

#13
Metallic Bonds

when metal ions share electrons

#14
Mineral

naturally occuring
solid substance
orderly crystalline structure
definite chemical composition
generally considered inorganic - no carbon

#15
The 4 Steps
Of
Mineral Formation

crystallization from magma
precipitation
pressure
hydrothermal solutions

#16
The 6
Mineral Groups

silicates - silicon & oxygen
carbonates - carbon, oxygen, & 1 or more metallic elements
oxides - oxygen & 1 or more elements
sulfides - sulfur
halides - halogen ion & 1 or more other elements
native elements - exist in relatively pure form

#17
Streak

the color of a mineral's powder form

#18
Luster

the way a mineral shines in reflected light

#19
Vitreous

like shining glass

#20
Moh's Scale

what mineral hardness is measured on
identified numerically by standard minerals

#21
Cleavage

the splitting of a mineral along certain flat surfaces
related to the types of bonds in the internal structure of the mineral

#22
Fracture

the way a mineral tends to break
minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to have frature

# 23
Igneous Rock

formed from the crystallization of magma

#24
Sedimentary Rock

formed from preexisting particles that have been compacted/cemented

#25
Metamorphic Rock

formed from changing rocks within the Earth by extreme heat, pressure, or chemicals

#26
Rock Cycle

shows the interrelationship between the 3 rock types
driven by internal & external forces

#27
Intrusive Igneous Rock

formed deep within Earth
cools slowly, large crystals
coarse grained

#28
Extrusive Igneous Rocks

formed from lava at Earth's surface
cools quickly, small crystals
fine grained

#29
Porphyritic Texture

caused by different rates of cooling resulting in different sized particles

#30
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

made of weathered bits of rocks & minerals
classified by particle size

#31
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

formed when dissolved substances seperate from a water solution

#32
Contact Metamorphism

occurs when magma moves into rock

#33
Regional Metamorphism

results in large-scale changes
produces a lot of metamorphic rock
occurs during mountain building

#34
Foliated Metamorphic Rock

has a banded or striped appearance

#35
Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rock

doesn't have a banded appearance