anamtomy & physiology

-algia

pain

osteo-

Prefix that means bone

otalagia

earache

ophthalmologist

eye doctor

ilium

a part of the hip bone

ileum

refers to a part of the small intestine

urethra

the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

ureter

one of the two tubes each leading from a single kidney & inserting into the urinary bladder

hepatitis

inflamation of the liver

root

foundation of the word

hemat

means blood

suffix

is the word ending

-logy

process of study

combining vowel (usually "O")

no meaning of its own; it joins one word part to another

hematology

process of study of blood

electr

electricity

cardi

heart

-gram

record

electrocardiogram

record of the electricity in the heart

gastr

stomach

-itis

inflammation

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

enter

intestines

-ology

proccess of study

prefix

word beginning

combining form

combination of the root & the combing vowel

sub

prefix (under)

ic

suffix (pertaining to)

epi

prefix (above)

subgastric

pertaining to UNDER the stomach

epigastric

pertaining to ABOVE the stomach

gastroenterology

proccess of study of stomach & intestines

aden/o

gland

arthr/o

joint

bi/o

prefix meaning life

carcin/o

cancerous, cancer

cephal/o

head

epithelial

surface or skin

-opsy

(suffix) means process of viewing

biopsy

viewing under a microscope of living tissue that is removed from the body

biology

study of process or condition of life

cerebr/o

cerebrum (largest part of the brain)

cis/o

to cut

crin/o

to secrete (to form & give off)

cyst/o

urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst (sac containing fluid)

cyt/o

cell

derm/o
dermat/o

skin

encephal/o

brain

erythr/o

red

-ectomy

suffix meaning excision or removal

-cyte

suffix meaning cell

EEG

electroencephalogram

ECG (sometimes called EKG)

electrocardiogram

in-

prefix meaning into

ex-

prefix meaning out

adenitis

inflamation of a gland

arthritis

inflamation of the joint

cardiology

the study of the heart

adenoma

tumor of a gland

-oma

suffix meaning tumor or mass

-y

final suffix meaning process or condition

cystoscopy

the suffix -scopy means process (y) of visual examination (scop).
Visual process examination of the urinary bladder or sac or cyst filled with fluid

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

endrocrine glands

endo- (thyroid, pituitary, & adrenal glands) secrete hormones directly within (into) the bloodstream

exocrine glands

secrete chemicals (saliva, sweat, tears) through tubes (ducts) to the outside of the body

-al

means pertaining to

vascul/o

blood vessels

CVA (stand for?) (meaning?)

cerebrovascular accident (stroke) occurs when damage to blood vessels in the cerebrum causes injury to nerve cells of the brain

-ion

suffix means process

gnos/o

knowledge

hypodermic

Pertaining to under the skin

dia-

prefix that means complete

-sis

suffix meaning state or condition of

diagnosis

made after sufficient information has been obtained about the patient's condition. It is a "state of complete knowledge."

pro-

prefix meaning before " knowledge before"

prognosis

is a prediction about the outcome of an illness, but it is always given after the diagnosis has been determined

gynec/o

woman, female

gynecology

study of women, female

neur/o

nerve

neurology

the study of nerves

onc/o

tumor

ophthalm/o

eye

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

-ist

suffix meaning one who specializes in a field of medicine (or other profession)

ophthalmoscope

an instrument used for a visualization examination of the eye

-scope

the suffix meaning an instrument for visual examination

path/o

disease

pathology

the study of disease

iatr/o

treatment, physician

-genic

suffix means pertaining to producing, produced by or produced in.

leuk/o

white

leukocyte

this blood cell helps the body fight disease

endrocrine gland in the neck

thyroid

control center of the cell

nucleus

internal organs

viscera

windpipe

trachea

ureter

tube connecting the kidneys & urinary bladder

pleura

the double-layered membrane surrounding the lung

pituitary

the gland at the base of the brain that secretes growth hormone,thyroid-stimulating hormone & hormones that affect the ovaries & testes

lith/o

stone

osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease caused by the wearing away of tissue around joint "inflammation of the bones & joints"

aut-, auto-

prefix meaning self, own

dia-

prefix meaning complete, through

pro-

prefix meaning before

a-, an-

prefix meaning no, not, without

hyper-

prefix meaning excessive, above, more than normal

hypo-

prefix meaning deficient, below, less than normal

epi-

prefix meaning above, upon

end-, endo-

prefix meaning within

retro-

prefix meaning behind

trans-

prefix meaning across, through

peri-

prefix meaning surrounding

ex-, exo-

prefix meaning out

sub-

prefix meaning below, under

re-

prefix meaning back

cerebr/o

cerebrum, largest part of the brain

cephal/o

head

arthr/o

joint

carcin/o

cancer, cancerous

cyst/o

urinary bladder

cyt/o

cell

derm/o or dermat/o

skin

encephal/o

brain

electr/o

electricity

-oma

suffix meaning tumor, mass, swelling

-al

suffix means pertaining to

-itis

suffix means inflammation

-logy

suffix meaning process of study

-scopy

suffix meaning process of visual examanation with an endoscope

-ic

pertaining to

-gram

record

-opsy

process of viewing

sect/o

to cut

thromb/o

clot, clotting

radi/o

x-rays

ped/o

child

path/o

disease

ophthalm/o

eye

leuk/o

white

iatr/o

treatment, physician

hem/o

blood

hemat/o

blood

gynec/o

woman, female

gnos/o

knowledge

nephr/o

kidney

neur/o

nerve

-opsy

process of viewing

-ion

process

-ist

specialist

-ac

pertaining to

-al

pertaining to

-genic

pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in

-globin

protein

-ic

pertaining to

-ical

pertaining to

-ion

process

-logy

process of study

-osis

condition, usually abnormal (slight increase in numbers when used with blood cells)

-y

process, condition

-tomy

process of cutting, incision

-sis

state of; condition

-scope

instrument to visually examine

a-, an-

no, not, without

aut-, auto-

self, own

dia-

through, complete

end-, endo-

within

anemia

a decreased number of erythrocytes or an abnormality of the hemoglobin (a chemical) within the red blood cells

anemia causes?

results in decreased delivery of oxygen to cells of the body. (Anemic patients look so pale that early physicians thought they were literally "without blood")

autopsy

"process of viewing by oneself"
Autopsy is the examination of a dead body with one's own eyes to determine the cause of death and nature of disease

epi-

above, upon

ex-

out

exo-

outside of, outward

in-

into, in

peri-

surrounding, around

pro-

before, forward

re-

back, backward, again

retro-

behind

sub-

below, under

trans-

across, though

meta-

change

bol-

to cast

-ism

process

anabolism

process of building up complex materials (proteins) from simple materials

metabolism

what catabolism & anabolism working together make, metabolism

cell membrane

structure surrounding all protecting the cell. it determines what enters & leaves the cell

chromosomes

rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. there are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg & sperm cells, which contain on 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes

cytoplasm

all the material that is outside the nucleus & yet contained w/ in the cell membrane

DNA

chemical food within each chromosome. arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activity of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

structure (canals) within the cytoplasm. site in which large proteins are made smaller protein pieces. RIBOSOMES are found in the endoplasmic reticulum

genes

regions of DNA w/in each chromosome

karyotype

picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. the chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number & structure

metabolism

the total of the chemical processes in a cell. it includes both catabolism & anabolism

mitochondria

structure in the cytoplasm in which foods are burned to release energy

nucleus

control center of the cell. it contains chromosomess & directs the activities of the cell

(1) organs of the digestive system?

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small & large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

(2) organs of the urinary or excretory system?

kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body

(3) organs of the respiratory system?

nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place)

(4) organs of the reproductive system?

female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands. male: testes & associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

(5) organs of the endocrine system?

thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries & testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands

(6) organs of the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves.

(7) organs of the circulatory system?

heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels & nodes, spleen, thymus gland.

(8) organs of the musculoskeletal system?

muscles, bones, & joints.

(9) skin & sense organs?

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, & sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue

what are the different types of cells?

1. Muscle cell. 2. Nerve cell. 3. Epithelial cell. 4. Fat cell.

hist/o

tissue

what are the two types of connective tissues?

(1). Adipose (fat) tissue. (2). Cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones), bone, & blood.

tissue

a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job

Histologist

a scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

What are the different types of tissues?

epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue

organs are .....?

structures composed of several types of tissue

systems are......?

groups of organs working together to perform complex functions

medical term for internal organs?

viscera

singular word for viscera is....?

viscus

examples of abdominal viscera (organs located in the abdomen) are the .......?

liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, & gallbladder

what tissues are the organ such as the stomach composed of?

muscle tissue, nerve tissue, & glandular epithelial tissue

What is the meaning for 'cell' ?

smallest living unit within the body. The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things (animal or plant). Cells are everywhere in the human body-every tissue, every organ is made up of these individual units.

similarities in cells.....?

all cells are similar in that they contain a gelatinous substance composed of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats, & various minerals

what is the cell membrane?

not only surrounds & protects the cell but also regulates what passes into & out of the cell

what is the nucleus?

it controls the operations of the cell. It directs cell division & determines the structure & function of the cell

what are chromosomes?

they are rod-like structures w/in the nucleus. All human body cells--except for the sex cells the egg & sperm (short for spermatozoon)--contain 23 pairs of chrimosomes. Each sperm & each egg cell have only 23 unpaired chromosomes. After an egg & a sperm cell unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

genes

regions chromosomes contain are called genes.

each gene is composed of a chemical called.....?

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

DNA regulates what?

DNA regulates the activities of the cell by its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome. The DNA sequence resembles a series of recipes in code. The code,when passed out of the nucleus to the rest of the cell, directs the activities of the cell, such as cell division and synthesis of proteins

How are chromosomes w/in the nucleus analyzed?

in terms of their size, arrangement, & number

cyt/o

means cell

-plasm

means formation

mitochondria

are small, sausage-shaped bodies that, like miniature power plants, produce energy by burning food in the presence of oxygen

catabolism

the chemical process of mitochondria

cata

means down

bol

means to cast

-ism

means to process

regions of DNA w/in each chromosome ?

Genes

small sausage-shaped structures; the place where food is burned to release energy?

mitochondria

small sausage-shaped structures; the place where food is burned to release energy?

mitochondria

material of the cell located outside the nucleus & yet enclosed by the cell membrane?

cytoplasm

canal-like structure in the cytoplasma; the site of the protein synthesis?

endoplasmic reticulum

Structure that surrounds & protects the cell?

cell membrane

Control center of the cell, containing chromosomes?

nucleus

chemical found w/in each chromosome?

DNA

rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions called genes?

chromosomes

a picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell is a (an)?

karyotype

how many chromosomes is in a normal males muscle cell?

46 (23 pairs)

how many chromosomes are in a females egg cell?

23

The process of building up proteins in a cell is called what?

anabolism

The process of chemically burning or breaking down foods to release energy in cells is called what?

catabolism

the total of the chemical process in a cell is called what?

metabolism

a scientist who studies tissues is a (an)?

histologist

the medical term for internal organs is called?

viscera

hypochondriac region

upper right & left region below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen

what is the meaning & suffix of laryngeal?

suffix: eal, meaning: pertaining to the voice box.

what is the suffix & meaning of inguinal?

suffix: al, meaning: pertaining to the groin.

suffix & meaning of chronic?

suffix: ic, meaning: pertaining to time (over a long period of time).

suffix & meaning of pulmonary?

suffix: nary, meaning: pertaining to the lung.